What is Ectopic Pregnancy: Symptoms and Diagnosis

What is Ectopic Pregnancy: Symptoms and Diagnosis

Pregnancy usually happens when a fertilised egg implants in the uterus, where it grows into a baby over nine months. But what if the egg implants outside the uterus? This is called an ectopic pregnancy, and it can occur in places like the fallopian tubes, ovaries, abdomen, or cervix. It can be very dangerous for the mother.

Why should you know about ectopic pregnancies? Recognising the symptoms and understanding how doctors diagnose them can lead to early treatment, which is crucial for the mother's health.

This blog is authored by Dr. Pankhuri Gautam, who will explain ectopic pregnancies in simple terms. You'll learn how to spot early signs and how doctors diagnose and manage this condition. Want to know how to stay safe and get timely help? Keep reading to find out.

Overview of Ectopic Pregnancy 

An ectopic pregnancy happens when a fertilised egg grows outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. This area can't support the pregnancy, and it can be very dangerous for the mother because it can cause severe bleeding if not treated quickly.

According to studies, Ectopic pregnancies happen in about 0.5%-2% of all pregnancies. This can cause severe bleeding and infection and even be life-threatening, making it a medical emergency.

Knowing the risk factors and signs of an ectopic pregnancy is very important. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious complications and help keep the mother healthy and able to have children in the future.

Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy

#1 Early Symptoms

In the early stages, an ectopic pregnancy can look like a normal pregnancy with symptoms such as a missed period and sore breasts. However, there are some unique signs to watch out for. 

• - Unusual Light bleeding from the vagina  
• - Pain in the lower belly or pelvis, often on one side
• - Missed period
• - Breast tenderness

These signs can be easy to miss, so seeing a doctor is essential if you experience them.

#2 Advanced Symptoms

As the ectopic pregnancy progresses, more severe symptoms may develop. 

• - Sharp, stabbing pain that comes and goes is a significant warning sign. 
• - Pain in the shoulder or neck can be a warning sign of ectopic pregnancy due to referred pain from internal bleeding, usually sudden and sharp, and it can become severe very quickly. This pain is often constant and doesn't improve with rest or changes in position.
• - Severe abdominal pain and cramping are also advanced symptoms that require immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy

A ruptured ectopic pregnancy is a critical medical emergency where the fallopian tube breaks, leading to severe internal bleeding. This condition can cause life-threatening complications and requires immediate medical intervention. Recognising the symptoms of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy is vital for prompt treatment.

• - Intense, sudden abdominal pain
• - Heavy bleeding
• - Dizziness, fainting, or shock

Diagnosis Options for Ectopic Pregnancy 

#1 Medical History and Physical Examination

Your doctor will ask about your menstrual cycle, any previous pregnancies, and any symptoms you have. This information helps them understand the risk factors and signs of an ectopic pregnancy.

A pelvic exam may be conducted to check for pain, tenderness, or a mass in the fallopian tubes or ovaries. This physical examination is essential for identifying any abnormalities that could suggest an ectopic pregnancy.

#2 Ultrasound

This involves inserting a probe into the vagina to get a clear and detailed view of the reproductive organs. It is the most effective method for detecting an ectopic pregnancy.

An ultrasound can help determine whether the pregnancy is located inside the uterus or outside it. By visualising the location of the pregnancy, healthcare providers can confirm the presence of an ectopic pregnancy and its exact site, such as in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, or other areas.

#3 Blood Tests

hCG is a hormone produced during pregnancy by the developing placenta. Abnormally low or slowly rising levels of hCG can indicate an ectopic pregnancy. hCG levels are typically measured over a few days to observe their progression.

Low progesterone levels can also suggest an abnormal pregnancy, including an ectopic pregnancy. Progesterone is crucial for maintaining a healthy pregnancy, and low levels can be a sign of complications.

#4 Additional Diagnostic Tests

Culdocentesis procedure involves inserting a needle into the vaginal wall to check for blood in the pelvic cavity. The presence of blood can indicate internal bleeding, a possible sign of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

Laparoscopy is a minimal surgical procedure; this procedure uses a small camera inserted through a tiny cut in the abdomen to see the reproductive organs directly. It allows the doctor to confirm an ectopic pregnancy and check its location and severity.

Criteria for Expectant Management

If the ectopic pregnancy is small and not causing severe symptoms, doctors might choose to monitor it closely instead of treating it right away. This approach is called expectant management. They will do regular blood tests and ultrasounds to make sure the pregnancy resolves on its own. 

Conclusion 

Understanding ectopic pregnancy is crucial for protecting your health and future fertility. Recognising symptoms early and seeking prompt treatment can prevent serious complications. If you have concerns about ectopic pregnancy or any other women's health issues, don't hesitate to reach out. 

As a gynaecologist in Jaipur with more than ten years of experience,  Dr Pankhuri Gautam is here to provide personalised care and support. Stay informed, stay safe, and visit us for expert guidance on your health journey.